Astronomers have stumbled onto a structure so vast and so oddly shaped that it threatens to upend one of cosmology’s most ...

For more than a century, scientists have wondered why physical structures like blood vessels, neurons, tree branches, and other biological networks look the way they do. The prevailing theory held ...

Semigroup theory examines algebraic structures consisting of a set endowed with an associative binary operation. These structures encompass a wide range of mathematical entities including monoids, ...

The theory of structure formation consistent with embryonic inflation -- a scenario of simultaneous evolution of the precursor nebulae of galaxies and solar systems -- is presented in Chapter 7. First ...

The human ecosystem is made of open and closed systems. While the earth is a closed system for matter but an open system for energy, the human body is considered an open system. There is a growing ...